不是条件的虚拟语气

虚拟语气在名词性从句（宾语从句，主语从句，标语从句，同位语从句）中的具体应用

一、wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气用法说明

动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)＋动词原形。如：

I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那样忙碌。

I wish I were [was] better looking. 要是我长得漂亮些就好了。

She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她当时要是留在家里就好了。

I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 要是你明天同我们一起去就好了。

I wish you wouldn’t look down on this kind of work. 我希望你不要看不起这种工作。

This watch has gone wrong. I wish I had bought a better make. 这只表坏了，我真愿意我买的是好一点的牌子。

I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more. 我希望你不再抽烟了。

I wish you would be more respectful to your father. 我希望你对你父亲更尊敬些。

I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。

二、特别注意

从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与wish的时态无关，比较：

I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。

I wish I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。

I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。

I wished I had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。

as if 从句的语气及时态

1． as if 从句用陈述语气的情况。

当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。如：

It sounds as if it is raining． 听起来像是在下雨。

He talks as if he is drunk． 从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。

2． as if 从句用虚拟语气的情况。

当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：

（1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。如：

You look as if you didn’t care．

你看上去好像并不在乎。

He talks as if he knew where she was．

他说话的样子，好像他知道她在哪里似的。

（2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。如：

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before．

他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。

The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone．

那女孩倾听着，一动也不动，像已经变成了石头似的。

（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形”。

如：

He opened his mouth as if he would say something．

他张开嘴好像要说什么。

It looks as if it might snow． 看来好像要下雪了。

表示“坚持”后的宾语从句

主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。

He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。

Rose insisted that he be present. 罗斯坚持要他出席。

The detective insisted that he should have a look. 警探坚持要查看。

注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：

He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。

He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。

表示“命令”后的宾语从句

主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。

Thejudge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。

The King ordered that the man be released. 国王命令释放那人。

He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即发起进攻。

表示“建议”后的宾语从句

主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。

The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。

They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。

I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建议我们现在就吃午饭。

The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委员会建议推选戴先生。

The doctor advised [suggested] that he (should) not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。

I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once. 我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。

He proposed that Mr. O’Leary be the chairman. 他提议奥列利先生担任。

She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements. 她建议我来负责进行安排。

注意：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：

He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。

What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。

表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句

主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美语中通常省略。

She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。

They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他们打算封锁这条消息。

I desire the patient should have a bath every day. 我希望病人每天洗澡。

表示“指示”后的宾语从句

主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。

The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。

（三）表语从句和同位语从句

有些名词引起的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词须用动词原形或should ＋do的形式。

这些名词包括：

advice（忠告）、 decision（决定）、 demand（要求）、 desire（渴望）、 idea（想法）、

motion（提议）、 necessity（必要性）、 order（命令）、 plan（计划）、 preference（偏爱）、proposal（建议）、 recommendation（推荐）、requirement（要求）、suggestion（建议）等。例句13：His proposal is that we turn off TVfor half an hour every day．他建议我们每天少看半个小时的电视。

特别提示：从以上的各类从句中我们可以得到以下的推论，即当一个动词后面的宾语从句中要使用（should）＋do的虚拟语气形式时，则可推理出用法相同的一组从句。以动词advise为例：

隐含条件句的虚拟语气

虚拟语气是中学英语教学的难点。从高考考查的情况看，三种与事实相反的条件句和主句的基本结构是考查的重点，其次是用其他形式代替条件句的情况。

有时为了表达的需要，虚拟语气并不是总出现在if引导的条件句中，而可能出现在通过其他形式来代替条件句的句子中。

1. 用介词短语代替条件句。常用的介词有：with, without, under, in, but for等。如：

We couldn’t have succeeded without your help.(= If we didn’t get your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.)

【高考链接1】 But for the help of my English teacher, I ______ the first prize in

the English Writing Competition.（2009年，福建）

A. would not win

B. would not have won

C. would win

D. would have won

B。but for 的意为“若不是，要不是”，用于引出与事实相反的假设，相当于if引导的虚拟条件句。根据句中的 the help of my English teacher可知，它表示与过去事实相反，可改写为If it had not been for the help of my English teacher. 与之相对应，题中的谓语动词也要使用与过去相反的虚拟语气。

Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.（2008年，山东）

A. can manage B. could have managed

C. could manage D. can have managed

【答案解析】 B。介词短语without you表达含蓄条件。根据题干中所给出的时间last week可知工作已经完成，表达的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

2. 用不定式短语来代替条件句。如：

It would be only partly right to answer in this way.(= If we answered in this way, it would be only partly right.)

3. 用定语从句来代替条件句。如：

A nation which stopped working would be dead in a fortnight(= If a nation stopped working, it would be dead in a fortnight).

4. 用副词或连词表示虚拟条件句。如：

He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or (= If he hadn’t telephoned to inform me of your birthday) I would have known nothing about it.

【高考链接1】 The teacher _______ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn’t have wasted time on him, I suppose. （2007年，安徽）

A. should B. can

C. would D. must

【答案解析】 D。 从连词or引导的从句是与过去相反的虚拟条件句可知主句谈论的也是与过去情况相关的猜测。or暗含的条件是If the teacher had thought Johnson was not worth it.

【高考链接2】 He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. （2009年，江苏）

A. could express B. would express

C. could have expressed

D. must have expressed

【答案解析】 C。本题考查的是连词not ... but ... 引出的虚拟语气。but后面表达的是含蓄条件，用if表达即为：He did not regret if he could have expressed it differently. 表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。

5. 用分词短语或主格结构代替条件句 如：

Meeting (= If we had met) anywhere else, we wouldn’t have recognized each other.

Everything taken into consideration(= If everything had been taken into consideration), they would have raised their output quickly.

【高考链接】 What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ________ better. （2008年，江西）

A. need have done B. must have done

C. can have done D. might have done

【答案解析】 D。分词形式的considering“考虑到”在这里起着连词的作用，引出

虚拟条件，暗含有If he had made good use of his ability and experience之意。注意can一般不能用于肯定句中表示猜测。

跳层虚拟句（即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气

1 . He would put on weight, but he doesn’t eat much. (与现在事实相反)

He would have put on weight, but he didn’t eat much. (与过去事实相反)

2 I forget where I read the article, or/ or else I would show it to you now. (现在事实相反)

We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him. (与过去事实相反)

虚拟条件句的一些特殊用法

1. —My cat’s really fat.

—You ______ have given her so much food.

A. wouldn’t B .couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t

2．—How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?

—It _____ be, but it is now heavily polluted.

A. will B. would C. should D. must

3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _____ have driven her there. A. could B. must C. might D. should

【答案与解析】

1．C。shouldn’t have done表示“本来不应该做某事而实际做了”。

2．C。根据句意，“本来这个湖应该是很漂亮的，但是现在被严重污染了”可知选C。should 在这里表示“本来应该……，暗含着实际上不……”之意。

3．D。should have done表示“本应该做某事而实际上未做”，本句意为：“我告诉你朋友该怎么到达旅馆了，但是也许我应该开车把她送到那儿去”。

【重点归纳】

1. 错综时间条件句：

有时在非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这时主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。如：

Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now.

如果我今天早上出来的时候带着伞的话，现在就不会淋湿了。（从句说的是过去的事情，而主句说的是现在的事情）

If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would be all right now.

如果你（那时）听从我的建议的话，现在就不会有事了。（从句说的是过去的事情，而主句说的是现在的事情）

If I hadn’t finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow.

如果到现在为止我还没有完成作文的话，我明天还要接着写。（从句说的是现在的事情，而主句说的是将来的事情）

2．含蓄虚拟条件句：

有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。主要有以下几种情况。

1) 用with, without，but for等介词短语来替代条件从句, 它们都可以转换成由if引导的虚拟条件句。如：

We might have died without your help. =We might have died if you hadn’t helped us.

如果（那时）没有你们的帮助，我们可能已经死了。

Without the sun, nothing would grow. = If there was no the sun, nothing would grow.

没有太阳，万物都不能生长。

2) 用or, otherwise, but that, suppose/ supposing (that), provided / providing (that) 等引导的虚拟语气。如：

You didn’t come yesterday, or you would have seen him.

你昨天没有来，否则的话，你就已经看到他了。

I was very busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.

我上周很忙，否则的话，我就来看你了。

Supposing I was still a little child, I would study hard from now on.

假如我还是一个小孩子的话，我将从现在开始努力学习。

3) 通过上下文来表示虚拟：这种情况下，需要加以分析。

I would have given you more money, but I was so poor then.

我（那时如果有钱的话）就可以给你更多的钱了，但是我当时太穷了。

I would have called you, but I forgot your telephone number.

我本来可以给你打电话，但是我（那时）忘了你的电话号码。

Having known the fact in time, we couldn’t have said that. = If we had known the fact in time, we couldn’t have said that.

如果我们（那时）及时知道事实的话，就不会说那件事了。

Any man in his position would have done that.

处于他那个位置的任何人都会那样做的。

4）由should +动词原形或者should/could/might have +过去分词构成的虚拟语气。

种情况下，虚拟条件句经常省略，而只剩下主句结构，如：

I should have told you that, but I was afraid that you couldn’t accept the fact.

我本应该告诉你那件事，但我担心你不能接受这个事实。

Tom, you are so lazy! This work should have been finished hours ago.

汤姆，你太懒了！这个工作本应该几个小时之前完成。

3. 在if it were/had been not for …句型中的虚拟语气

If it were not for…,表示对现在事实的假设；If it had not been for…,表示对过去事实的假设。

If it were not for the Internet, everything would be very difficult.

要不是互联网，一切都会变得很难。

Had it not been for your overcoat, I would have died.

要不是你那件大衣，我就被冻死了。

选择最佳答案。

1. _________ the thick forest, we would often have to suffer from a sandstorm.

A. If it is not for B. If it were not for C Is it not for D. Was it not for

2. _________ your offer of rice and vegetables, we would have gone hungry.

A. If it hasn’t been for B. With

C. Has it not been for D. Had it not been for

3. __________ your timely and correct guidance, I couldn’t have solved the problem so smoothly.

A. Had it not been for B. Were it not for

C. If it has not been for D. If it is not for

4. Jane would have gone to Washington ________ to get a plane ticket.

A. was she able B. if she had been able C. would she be able D. if she is able

5. ________ for her encouragement, I would not have paid for that good-for-nothing huge vase.

A. Were it not B. If it is not C. Had it not been D. If they were not

6. If I ________ a lot of money like you, I ________ buy that large company.

A. had, would buy B. have, would

C. had, would have bought D. have had, would have bought

7．If she ________ my English teacher, I ________ much from her.

A. was, can learn B .is, could learn C. were, could learn D. had been, could learn

8. If I ________ out to work last year, I ________ much more money.

A. had gone, would make B. had gone, would have made

C. went, would make D. went, would have made

9．I supported him in time, otherwise he ______off the bike.

A. might fall B. would fall C. should have fallen D. would have fallen

10. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _____ in love with Mary in my hometown.

A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall

11. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ______.

A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly

C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly

12.— Why don’t you buy the necklace since you like it so much?

— I ______, but I don’t have the money.

A. would B. will C. should D. may

13. — Finally I got to my grandmother’s home on foot.

— Really? You ______ a ride there.

A. must have taken B. could have taken

C. shouldn’t have taken D. couldn’t have taken

14. If I had worked harder at school, I ______ in a comfortable office now.

A. would sit B. would have sat C. would be sitting D. were sitting

15. My father told me how to get here but perhaps he _____ me a map.

A. had to give B. ought to give C. must have given D. should have given

Grammar quiz语法小测

I. 请将下列句子翻译成英语。

1. 要不是你帮忙的话，我会失败的。

.

2. 如果不是两次考大学都失败的话，他也不会一声不吭地离家出走。

.

3. 如果不是你及时的支持，我就会输掉这次大选。

.

4. 没有这本杂志，我们打发时光就很难。

.

II. 根据上下文的意思，完成句子。

1. If it ______（要不是）your mobile phone, I couldn’t have got in touch with her.

2. I was really very busy that day, otherwise, I _______(就去参加舞会了)．

3. _________( 要不是天气好的话), I couldn’t go climbing that day.

4. Providing that I had finished the report two days before, I ________( 就不会被开除了) now.

单选答案

1-5 BDABC 6-10 ACBDB 11-15 AABCD

语法小测

I. 1. But for your help, I would have failed.

2. Not having failed in the college entrance examination twice, he wouldn’t have left home without saying a word.

3. If it had not been for your timely support, I would have failed in the election.

4. Were it not for this magazine, it would be difficult for us to kill the time.

II. (One possible version)

1. hadn’t been for 2. would have gone to the party 3. But for the fine weather 4. wouldn’t be fired