湖南农业大学考研试题811综合知识(2015~2017年)

适 用 专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学 考生需带的工具：

考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效； ②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。 Section A: Linguistics (60 points)

I. Translate the following linguistic terms into English. (5 points, 1 point each) 1.应用语言学 4.输入假设 II. Define FIVE of the following terms, giving examples if necessary. (10 points，2 points each ) 1. Displacement 2. Back clipping 3. Minimal pair 4. Morphological rule 5. Perlocutionary act 6. Sociolinguistics 7. Subordinate construction III. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given. (10 points, 1 point each)

1. D___________ refers to an area of human activity in which one particular speech variety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used，for instance, situations in which the persons talking to one another are members of the family, e.g. mother and children.

2. B ___________is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of the which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like brunch.

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2.音位变体 5.派生词素

3.述谓分析 3. H___________ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.

4. M__________ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.

5. C _________are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.

6. T___________ theory is a theory about trace left by movement. This theory assumes that a moved constituent leaves behind a phonologically null element in its original site.

7.P___________ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are not verifiable, in other words, they are utterances that perform an act.

8. I___________ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way he or she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language. 9. S___________ is the study of meaning communicated through language. The basic task is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language.

10. A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech. IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (15 points，1.5 points each )

1. （ ）Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact

that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.

2. （ ）Saussurs’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical

lingusitics.

3. （ ）Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s

concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue.

4. （ ）If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind of language exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will

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acquire the native-like competence in the target language.

5. （ ）Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP,VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.

6. （ ）Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situation.

7. （ ）Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently. 8. （ ）Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy. 9. （ ）Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives. 10. （ ）The right ear advantage(REA)is true to no matter whether people have the left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech. V. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points，4 points each)

1. Who put forward the concept of langue and parole? What is the difference between them? 2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ? 3. Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words. Motel 4. What is word? What is lexicon? What is lexeme? What is vocabulary? 5. Can you make some comments on IC analysis? 6. What is X-bar theory? 7. What is discourse analysis? 共5页 第3页

lase ROM mew/miaow

Section B: Translation (60 points)

1．Translate the following into Chinese (30 points)

The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development of personal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order to keep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious; at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefully studied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searching self-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing, gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as if it were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation to every art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to the discipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic value of every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist gives himself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laborious imitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thorough analysis.

The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the final stage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through the initial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behind him. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able to forget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of the school, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant of detail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they were the finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennyson's attention was once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; he promptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he had become a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he had studied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searching intelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when a man passes through self-consciousness into self-forgetfulness, when his knowledge and skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When the artist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command of himself and his materials, he subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art the unconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist can pour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods have become so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without being conscious of them. 共5页 第4页

2．Translate the following into English. (30 points)

“诺诺”者，唯命是从，凡事好好好，是是是，逢人点头哈腰，遇事不辨青

红皂白，正所谓“唯唯诺诺”。 “谔”，指正直的言论。“谔谔”，表示勇于讲真话，有分歧时也敢于据理力争。 先秦时期有过“千人之诺诺，不如一人之谔谔”的说教。说明当时很敬重直言争辩，哪怕争辩者只是一人孤军奋战。待到后来，谔谔之士则成了“珍稀动物”，许多人邀欢尚且不暇，哪里还有直言的心思！《论语》中说：“君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚”，有些读书人把“坦荡荡”没挂在心上，“戚戚之态”倒是如影相随，辜负了老夫子的语重心长。 近几年的“”，一改若干年前召开 “没有杂音”的团结大会的传统，竟开成在某些问题上“有些争论”的大会，一些代表、委员直言不讳论国事，有的代表、委员还发表了与个别部门 “大政方针”不同的声音；也有些代表、委员之间展开了辩论，有的人甚至向某些部委叫板“发难”。真可谓各抒己见，议论纷纷。 其实议论纷纷很好。有文章说，简写的开会“会”字，拆开来就是“人云”，开会的人议论纷纷才像个会议，也说明我们的政治生活很正常，民主空气高涨，凡事能够集思广益，群策群力。 是啊，如果像有些基层把“”开成每年一次的“例行公事”，与会人员见面时“握握手”，开会时“拍拍手”，表决时“举举手”，散会时“挥挥手”，这类兴师动众、劳民伤财的会议，开与不开能有多大区别？ 有个别领导同志一时还不大习惯与会者“七嘴八舌”，尤其反对“唇舌剑”地辩论。他们不明白，所谓“民主协商”、“兼听则明”，都少不得“七嘴八舌”。君子和而不同。从不尽一致走向一致，那是真正的和谐共识。相反，不论多么重要、多么复杂的问题，举国上下，从无异议，从无杂音，那就有点假了。上古之人，不重“千人之诺诺”，而重“一士之谔谔”，是心胸开阔与襟怀坦荡的表现。一千人说顺从与阿谀奉承的话，不如一个人直言不讳更有意义与价值。 Section C: 中文写作(30 points)

随着信息科技的不断发展,各类社交互动平台为语言文化带来了一个新的发

展空间,也带来了新式网络语言。请以“网络语言之我见”为题，写一篇不少于700字的文章，文体不限(诗歌除外)。

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2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题 科目名称及代码：811 综合知识 适 用 专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学 考生需带的工具：

考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效； ②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。 一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明 (共计10分，

每小题2分，多做依作答前5题记分)

1. design features 2. prescriptive linguistics 3. assimilation 4. inflection

5. semantics 6. trace theory 7. speech act

二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)

1、In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed P_________.

2、P_________ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.

3、If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combing vowels are called d_________.

4. P_________ refers in the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.

5. B_________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.

6. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.

7. “Words are names of labels for things”. This view is called N_________ theory in semantic studies. 8. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.

9. C_________ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.

10. Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by o_________.

三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里

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标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分)

1、（ ）Duality is one of the features of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the systems of sounds and the systems of meanings. 2、（ ）All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain onset and a coda. 3、（ ）Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 4、（ ）Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. 5、（ ）An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction, it has just one head. 6、（ ）A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called rheme. 7、（ ）Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature. 8、（ ）If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 9、（ ）Both Chinese and Japanese have a logographic writing system; English and Greek have an alphabetic writing system. 10、（ ）Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.

四、问答题：从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答 (共计20分，每小题4分，多做依作答前5题记分)

1. What are the main branches of linguistics? Please identify three branches and explain them briefly.

2. How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced by Saussure?

3. What is a root used in morphology? 4. What are the main concerns of syntax?

5. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts. (1) The room is messy. (2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on.

6. Based on the Cooperative Principle, analyze the implicature of the utterance “Well, boys are boys” and discuss the reasoning process of the implicature.

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7. How do you understand the Cooperative Principle by Grice? What are the four maxims?

五、英译汉： 将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)

The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development of personal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order to keep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious; at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefully studied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searching self-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing, gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as if it were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation to every art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to the discipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic value of every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist gives himself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laborious imitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thorough analysis.

The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the final stage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through the initial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behind him. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able to forget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of the school, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant of detail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they were the finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennyson's attention was once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; he promptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he had become a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he had studied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searching intelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when a man passes through self-consciousness into self- forgetfulness, when his knowledge and skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When the artist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command of himself and his materials, he

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subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art the unconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist can pour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods have become so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without being conscious of them.

六、汉译英： 将下列段落翻译成英语(共计30分)

看到的人都说，这是一个奇迹。 一个小小的古镇，一条小小的河，一座小小的石桥，一株500年古樟。石桥亦是长寿的，建于200年前还是300年前，不清楚了。反正它就造在古樟边，两条树根，犹如两根钢梁，一直架到河对岸。这桥就变成了名副其实的“石木结构”，而究竟是先有桥，树根搭过了岸，还是树根先伸展到对岸，石桥顺势而建，也就不清楚了。

记忆中清楚的是，上世纪60年代，曾经有人要砍了树去劈木材烧火炼钢的，因为它与桥连成了一体，怕树砍了，桥也塌了，就逃过了一劫。

上世纪80年代，有人建古桥博物馆，出高价想把桥移走。动手时才发现，所有石头的缝隙都爬满了粗粗细细的树根，离开大树，这座桥就变成了堆毫无意义的石头，根本无法复原。就又逃过一劫。

小镇位于经济发达的沿海地带，上世纪90年代，这一带的古镇，随着人们钱袋鼓胀，都旧貌换新颜。小镇也想大动干戈的，但心疼这祖宗传下来的桥和树，更怕轻举妄动坏了风水，想来想去定不好方案，期间还拒绝了一些投资者，一拖再拖，便赶上了古民居修复保护的黄金时代。

如今这里成了著名的风景点，500年古樟冠盖青葱，古桥沧桑而又生机勃勃，小镇上民居保存完好，最难得的是，民风淳朴、天然，不贪婪，其乐融融。

而这一切都是相互依存，相依为命的。先是桥保住了树，再是树保住了桥，最后是桥与树保住了古镇。要说究竟是人保住了环境，还是环境保住了人，又说不大清楚了。 七、下列各汉语短语中均有一处错误，请指出并改正（共计5分，每小题 1分） 1.走头无路 2. 密而不宣 3.先法制人 4.鼓惑人心 5.明火执杖 八、 中文写作（30分） 英国大英图书馆，是世界上著名的图书馆，里面的藏书非常丰富。有一次，图书馆要搬家，也就是说要从旧馆搬到新馆去，结果一算，搬运费要几百万，根本就没有这么多钱。怎么办？有一个高人，向馆长出了一个点子，结果只花了几千块钱就解决了问题。图书馆在报上登了一个广告：从即日开始，每个市民可以免费从大英图书馆借10本书。结果，许多市民蜂拥而至，没几天，就把图书馆的书借光了。书借出去了，怎么还呢？大家给我还到新馆来。就这样，图书馆借用大家的力量搬了一次家。 根据上述材料，以“智者借力而行”为题写一篇不少于700字的议论文。

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2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题 科目名称及代码：811 综合知识 适 用 专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学 考生需带的工具：

考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效； ②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。 一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明 (共计10分，每小题2分)

1、langue and parole 2、minimal pairs 3、auxiliary verb 4、locutionary act

5、Inflection

6、speech community 7、linguistic relativity

二、填空题： 在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分) 1、If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use it is said to be d_________

2、Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o_________

3、An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an a _________ is pronounced as a word.

4、Clear [l] and dark [ɬ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.

5、C _________ is a term used in lexicology by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences of individual lexical items. For example, we can “correct” a “mistake”, “read” a “book” and “watch TV”. No one can “correct” a television or “read” a mistake.

6、Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: a _________ and predicate. 7、G _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.

8、C _________ Principle proposed by J.Grice is the general principle, in making conversation, that all participants are expected to observe.

9、A c _________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and ”, “but”, “or”. 10、Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s_________ attitude connoted in the language

that is sexist.

三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分) 1、（ ）Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or

other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact. 2、（ ）In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. 3、（ ）Stem is the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 4、（ ）Move-αrule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in grammatical strings. 5、（ ）Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind of

speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.

6、（ ）Women in western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social

significance of certain linguistic variables.

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7、（ ）One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it

will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.

8、（ ）In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and

more attention is paid to developing learner’s communicative skills.

9、（ ）The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential

phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.

10、（ ）Chomsky’s concept of linguistics performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of parole, while

his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue. 四、问答题：从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答 (共计20分，每小题4分)

1、What are the differences and relationships held between phonetics and phonology? 2、In English, the suffix “-able” as in “X+able” means “able to be X-ed” (1) Use an example to illustrate this rule. (2) What kind of words can function as “X”?

(3) In words like “unthinkable” the suffix “-able” means more than able to be “X-ed”. Think of Two more words of this type.

3、Explain why the sentence John saw a girl with a telescope is ambiguous. 4、What are gradable antonyms? Explain the concept with examples. 5、In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?

6、What are endocentric constructions and exocentric constructions? Exemplify the two notions. 7、 Study the following conversation from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.

“What is his name?” “Bingley”

“Is he married or single?”

“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune, four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”

Discuss it in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle. Is there any maxim that is being flouted? What conversational implicature is communicated by such deliberate breach?

五、英译汉： 将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)

Abstraction is an old story with the philosophers, but it has been like a new toy in the hands of the artists of our day. Why can’t we have any one quality of poetry we choose by itself? We can have in thought. Then it will go hard if we can’t in practice. Our lives for it.

Granted no one but a humanist much cares how sound a poem is if it is only a sound. The sound is the gold in the ore. Then we will have the sound out alone and dispense with the inessential. We do till we make the discovery that the object in writing poetry is to make all poems sound as different as possible from each other, and the resources for that of vowels, consonants, punctuation, syntax, words, sentences, metre are not enough. We need the help of context- meaning-subject matter. That is the greatest help towards variety. All that can be done with words is soon told. So also with metres-particularly in our language where there are virtually but two, strict iambic and loose iambic. The ancients with many were still poor if they depended on metres for all tune. It is painful to watch our sprung-rhythmists straining at the point of omitting one short from a foot for relief from monotony. The possibilities for tune from the dramatic tones of meaning struck across the rigidity of a limited metre are endless. And we are back in poetry as merely one more art of having something to say, sound or unsound. Probably better if sound, because deeper and from wider experience.

Then there is this wildness whereof it is spoken. Granted again that it has an equal claim with sound to

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being a poem’s better half. If it is a wild tune, it is a poem. Our problem then is, as modern abstractionists, to have the wildness pure; to be wild with nothing to be wild about. We bring up as aberrationists, giving way to undirected associations and kicking ourselves from one chance suggestion to another in all directions as of a hot afternoon in the life of a grasshopper. Theme alone can steady us down. just as the first mystery was how a poem could have a tune in such a straightness as metre, so the second mystery is how a poem can have wildness and at the same time a subject that shall be fulfilled.

六、汉译英： 将下列段落翻译成英语(共计30分)

现代人的流行病 把信息当做知识，把知识当做智慧。许多人日夜在网上泡着，四处收集新闻热点，说起来滔滔不绝，仿佛天下大事尽在心中，联合国秘书长就是给他打工的小马仔。可是如果你仔细听听，认真想想，却发现他嘴里没有一句是他的话。他根本没有兴趣咀嚼和消化那些信息。他只是一个信息的贩卖者，是一个廉价的传声筒。 把品牌当做品位，把冷漠当做修养。一身高档的行头，却在大街上随地吐痰、满口脏话；捧着时尚杂志，却不肯为老人让一下座。 身体早熟，能力超低；物质丰富，营养过剩。有的孩子上了大学竟然还不会叠被子、洗衣服，甚至不会系鞋带。 疯狂跳槽，一事无成。总想着“天生我材必有用”，总想着“此处不留爷，自有留爷处”，不是踏踏实实做人，扎扎实实做事，而是在哪里呆着都觉得委屈了自己，看什么都不顺眼，做什么都不顺心，这山望着那山高。跳槽成了习惯，甚至成了生活方式。 不怕丢丑，出名至上。人人都想在电视上露一回脸，抢不到这机会的就在网络上晒自己，多难看的相貌、多丢人的事，也敢发布出去。只要能出名，什么都在所不惜。“做秀”一说，也走向了自我的反面，摇身一变，不再羞羞答答，而是风光无限。 七、下列各汉语短语中均有一处错误，请指出并改正（共计5分，每小题 1分） 1. 禁若寒蝉 2. 攻城掠地 3. 甘之如怡 4. 以老卖老 5. 故步自封 八、 中文写作（30分） 2003年，国内许多媒体对北大毕业生陆步轩2000年开始进入杀猪行当进行了铺天盖地的报道，陆步轩生于1966年、1985年以长安区文科状元的成绩考入北京大学中文系、19年毕业分配至长安区柴油机厂工作，2008年认识了另一位北大卖猪肉的陈生，陈生提出开办“屠夫学校”，两人一拍即合。2011年12月，陆步轩带着自己花4个月写的《猪肉营销学》讲义，走进广州“屠夫学校”当老师，还出版了《屠夫看世界》。2013年，两位北大才子，联手重新杀回北京，在北京卖起了有机猪肉。

另一位北大才女徐璐，2000年考入北大，学新闻专业，毕业后先后在北京的科技公司、房地产公司做策划、营销等工作。北漂10年后，2010年选择回乡，2013年接手一家快递公司开始创业。3年时间，她由曾经的白领，变身为一个开货车送快递、还能扛100斤左右快件的“女汉子”。 最近一篇《北大才子送快递,端盘子,蛰伏30年后,竟一举数学界》网上纷纷转载，但谁能想到，在被世界认可之前，这位学术卓越的数学家张益唐，竟半生漂泊在外，一直默默无闻。三年前，一篇《素数间的有界距离》，被数学界最高期刊《数学年刊》强烈推荐发表之后，这个沉寂了三十年的，瞬时成为了数学界的传奇。 根据上述材料，写一篇不少于700字左右的议论文，题目自拟。 共3页 第3页